Understand the concepts of the mole and its relation to Avogadros constant. Convert the amount of substance,n, to the number of specified elementary entities.
Determine relative formula masses,Mr, from relative atomic masses,Ar.
Solve problems involving the relationships between the number of particles, the amount of substance in moles, and the mass in grams.
Understand the concept of empirical and molecular formulae. Interconvert the percentage composition by mass and the empirical formula. Determine the molecular formula of a compound from its empirical formula and molar mass.
Solve problems involving the molar concentration, amount of solute, and volume of a solution, including the use of square brackets to represent molar concentration.
Solve problems involving the mole ratio of reactants and/or products and the volume of gases.
Ideal Gases
Define ideal gases and recognize the key assumptions in the ideal gas model.
Explain the limitations of the ideal gas model.
Investigate the relationship between temperature, pressure, and volume for a fixed mass of an ideal gas and analyze graphs relating these variables. The names of specific gas laws will not be assessed.
Solve problems relating to the ideal gas equation:PV = nRT, including the use of the combined gas lawP1V1/T1= P2V2/T2
Amount of chemical change
Deduce chemical equations when reactants and products are specified, including the use of state symbols.
Use the mole ratio of an equation to calculate: the masses, volumes, and concentrations of reactants and products. Use Avogadros law and definitions of molar concentration.
Understand how the limiting reactant determines the theoretical yield. Identify the limiting and excess reactants from given data. Distinguish between the theoretical yield and the experimental yield.
Solve problems involving reacting quantities, limiting and excess reactants, theoretical, experimental, and percentage yields.
Understand that atom economy is a measure of efficiency in green chemistry. Calculate the atom economy from the stoichiometry of a reaction. Understand the inverse relationship between atom economy and wastage in industrial processes.