Understand the occurrence of resonance structures. Deduce resonance structures of molecules and ions, including use of the term delocalization.
Discuss the structure of benzene from physical and chemical evidence.
Understand that atoms can form molecules in which they have an expanded octet of electrons. Visually represent Lewis formulas for species with 5 and6 electron domains around the central atom. Deduce the electron domain geometry and the molecular geometry for species with 5 and 6 electron domains.
Apply formal charge to determine a preferred Lewis formula from different Lewis formulas for a species.
Define sigma bonds () and pi bonds (). Deduce the presence of sigma bonds and pi bonds in molecules and ions through both organic and inorganic examples.
Define hybridization as the concept of mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals for bonding. Analyze the hybridization and bond formation in molecules and ions, Identify the relationships between Lewis formulas, electron domains, molecular geometry, and type of hybridization. Predict the geometry around an atom from its hybridization, and vice versa.
Further metallic bonding (HL)
Understand that the transition elements have delocalized d-electrons. Explain the high melting point and electrical conductivity of transition elements.