Use of the chemical formula: empirical, molecular, structural (full and condensed), stereochemical, and skeletal. Interconvert molecular, skeletal, and structural formulas. Construct 3D models (real or virtual) of organic molecules.
Understand the classification of organic compounds according to the functional groups. Identify the following functional groups by name and structure: halogeno, hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, alkoxy, amino, amido, ester, phenyl. Understand and use the terms saturated and unsaturated.
Define a homologous series as a family of compounds in which successive members differ by a common structural unit, and that can be described by a general formula. Identify the following homologous series: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, halogenoalkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, ethers, amines, amides, and esters.
Describe and explain the trend in melting and boiling points of members of a homologous series.
Apply IUPAC nomenclature to saturated or mono-unsaturated compounds that have up to six carbon atoms in the parent chain and contain one type of the following functional groups: halogeno, hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl. Name straight-chain and branched-chain isomers.
Define structural isomers as molecules that have the same molecular formula but different connectivities. Recognize isomers, including branched, straight-chain, position, and functional group isomers, and primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols.
Electron sharing
Define a radical as a molecular entity that has an unpaired electron and understand that radicals are highly reactive. Identify and represent radicals.
Recall that radicals are produced by homolytic fission in the presence of ultraviolet (UV) light or heat. Explain, including with equations, the homolytic fission of halogens, known as the initiation step in a chain reaction.
Recall that radicals take part in substitution reactions with alkanes, producing a mixture of products. Explain, using equations, the propagation and termination steps in the reactions between alkanes and halogens. Explain the stability of alkanes due to the strengths of the C-C and C-H bonds and their essentially non-polar nature.
Electron-pair sharing
Define a nucleophile as a reactant that forms a bond to its reaction partner (the electrophile) by donating both bonding electrons. Recognize nucleophiles in chemical reactions, including neutral and negatively charged species.
Deduce equations with descriptions and explanations of the movement of electron pairs in nucleophilic substitution reactions.
Define heterolytic fission as the breakage of a covalent bond when both bonding electrons remain with one of the two fragments formed. Explain, with equations, the formation of ions by heterolytic fission.
Define an electrophile as a reactant that forms a bond to its reaction partner (the nucleophile) by accepting both bonding electrons from that reaction partner. Recognize electrophiles in chemical reactions, including neutral and positively-charged species.
Explain why alkenes are susceptible to electrophilic attack. Deduce equations for the reactions of alkenes with water, halogens, and hydrogen halides.