Define stereoisomers as species with the same constitution (atom identities, connectivities, and bond multiplicities), but different spatial arrangements of atoms. Describe and explain the features that give rise tocis-transisomerism and recognize it in non-cyclic alkenes and C3 and C4 cycloalkanes. Nomenclature using theE-Zsystem will not be assessed. Draw stereochemical formulas showing the tetrahedral arrangement around a chiral carbon. Describe and explain a chiral carbon atom giving rise to stereoisomers with different optical properties. Recognize a pair of enantiomers as non-superimposable mirror images from 3D modeling (real or virtual). Understand and use the terms: chiral, optical activity, enantiomer, and racemic mixture.
Deduce information about the structural features of a compound from specific MS fragmentation patterns.
Interpret the functional group region of an IR spectrum, using a table of characteristic frequencies (wavenumber/cm-1). Understand the absorption of IR radiation by greenhouse gases.
Interpret1H NMR spectra to deduce the structures of organic molecules from the number of signals, the chemical shifts, and the relative areas under signals (integration traces).
Interpret1H NMR spectra from splitting patterns showing singlets, doublets, triplets, and quartets to deduce greater structural detail.
Interpret a variety of data, including analytical spectra, to determine the structure of a molecule.
Further electron-pair sharing (HL)
Recall that coordination bonds are formed when ligands donate an electron pair to transition element cations, forming complex ions. Deduce the charge on a complex ion, given the formula of the ion and ligands present.
Describe and explain the mechanism of the reactions of primary and tertiary halogenoalkanes with nucleophiles. Distinguish between the one-step SN2 reaction of primary halogenolakanes and the two-step SN1 reaction of tertiary halogenoalkanes. Understand the stereospecificity of SN2 reactions.
Predict and explain the relative rates of the substitution reactions for different halogenoalkanes. The roles of the solvent and the reaction mechanism will not be assessed.
Describe and explain the mechanisms of the reactions between symmetrical alkenes and halogens, water and hydrogen halides.
Predict and explain the major product of a reaction between an unsymmetrical alkene and a hydrogen halide or water.
Recall that electrophilic substitution reactions include the reactions of benzene with electrophiles. Describe and explain the mechanism of the reaction between benzene and a charged electrophile, E+. The formation of the electrophile will not be assessed.